Definition and Examples of Indeterminacy in Language

In linguistics  and literary studies, the term indeterminacy refers to  the instability of meaning, the uncertainty of reference, and the variations in interpretations of grammatical forms and categories  in any  natural language. As David A. Swinney has observed, Indeterminacy exists at essentially every descriptive level of word, sentence, and discourse analysis (Understanding Word and Sentence, 1991). Examples and Observations A basic reason for linguistic indeterminacy is the fact that language is not a logical product, but originates from the conventional practice of individuals, which depends on the particular context of the terms used by them. (Gerhard Hafner, Subsequent Agreements and Practice. Treaties and Subsequent Practice, ed. by Georg Nolte. Oxford University Press, 2013) Indeterminacy in Grammar Clear-cut grammatical categories, rules, etc. are not always attainable, since the system of grammar is arguably subject to gradience. The same considerations apply to the notions of correct and incorrect usage since there are areas where native speakers disagree as to what is grammatically acceptable. Indeterminacy is, therefore, a feature of grammar and usage. Grammarians also speak of indeterminacy in cases where two grammatical analyses of a particular structure are plausible. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner, The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Determinacy and Indeterminacy An assumption usually made in syntactic theory and description is that particular elements combine with one another in very specific and determinate ways. . . . This supposed property, that it is possible to give a definite and precise specification of the elements connected to one another and how they are connected, will be referred to as determinacy. The doctrine of determinacy belongs to a broader conception of language, mind, and meaning, which holds that language is a separate mental module, that syntax is autonomous, and that semantics is well-delimited and fully compositional. This broader conception is not however well-founded. Over the last few decades, research in cognitive linguistics has demonstrated that grammar is not autonomous from semantics, that semantics is neither well-delimited nor fully compositional, and that language draws on more general cognitive systems and mental capacities from which it cannot be neatly separated. . . . I suggest that the usual situation is not one of determinacy, but rather indeterminacy (Langacker 1998a). Precise, determinate connections between specific elements represent a special and perhaps unusual case. It is more common for there to be some vagueness or indeterminacy in regard to either the elements participating in grammatical relationships or the specific nature of their connection. Otherwise stated, grammar is basically metonymic, in that the information explicitly coded linguistically does not itself establish the precise connections apprehended by the speaker and hearer in using an expression. (Ronald W. Langacker, Investigations in Cognitive Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter, 2009) Indeterminacy and Ambiguity Indeterminacy refers to . . . the capacity . . . of certain elements to be notionally related to other elements in more than one way . . .. Ambiguity, on the other hand, refers to the failure of an increment to make a distinction which is crucial to the discharge of the speakers present obligations. . . . But if ambiguity is rare, indeterminacy is an all-pervading feature of speech, and one which users are quite accustomed to living with. We might even argue that it is an indispensable feature of verbal communication, allowing for an economy without which language would be impossibly unwieldy. Let us examine two illustrations of this. The first comes from the conversation that was attributed to the friend and the old lady immediately after the latter had asked for a lift: Where does your daughter live? She lives near the Rose and Crown. Here, the reply is obviously indeterminate, as there are any number of public houses of that name, and often more than one in the same town. It creates no problems for the friend, however, because many other factors than the label, including, no doubt, her knowledge of the locality, are taken into account in identifying the place referred to. Had it been a problem, she could have asked: Which Rose and Crown? The everyday use of personal names, some of which may be shared by several acquaintances of both participants, but which are nevertheless usually sufficient to identify the intended individual, provide a similar way indeterminacy is ignored in practice. It is worth noting in passing that, were it not for users tolerance of indeterminacy, every pub and every person would have to be uniquely named! (David Brazil, A Grammar of Speech. Oxford University Press, 1995) Indeterminacy and Optionality [W]hat appears to be indeterminacy may actually reflect optionality in the grammar, i.e., a representation that allows multiple surface realizations of a single construction, such as the choice of relatives in Theres the boy (that/whom/0) Mary likes. In L2A, a learner who accepts John *seeked Fred at Time 1, then John sought Fred at Time 2, might be inconsistent not because of indeterminacy in the grammar, but because the grammar permits both forms optionally. (Observe that optionality in this instance would reflect a grammar that diverges from the English target grammar.) (David Birdsong, Second Language Acquisition and Ultimate Attainment. Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ed. by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder. Blackwell, 2004)

Essay on Marx And Mills - 1185 Words

Marx And Mills John Stuart Mill suggests that a person’s ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill’s position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critique the theory of Utilitarianism. By showing the problems that the theory have will reveal what should make up ethical decision-making. John Stuart Mill supports and explains his reasoning in his book, Utilitarianism. Mill†¦show more content†¦If one is to avoid all pain in his or her life, then how will that person truly know what true pleasure feels like? True pleasure comes only after experiencing pain. If a person always wins a race, does he or she feel true pleasu re each time they win or does it turn into a feeling that they come to expect? If there is a person who loses races constantly, will his happiness be greater when he finally wins? The rewards and pleasures of the second person would greatly outweigh the feelings of happiness the first had because he or she knows how it feels to be defeated. The second person knows the pain that is received because of failure so when he when he will recognize the joy and pleasure that comes with winning. Using this same setting, would it be better for the second person to run in races filled with people who are not matched in skill just so he may always win or should he or she race individuals who are equally matched? Although the first would produce pleasure, the second example would yield the greater amount of pleasure due to the understanding that the competition was evenly matched. Both of these examples show that pain can ultimately cause pleasure, and in some cases the presence of pain will inc rease the feeling of happiness. Another point were there is disagreement is when Mill justifies the pursuit of pleasure by saying â€Å"actions are rightShow MoreRelatedMarx and Mills Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Stuart Mill suggests that a persons ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mills position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critiqueRead MoreComparing Karl Marx And The Mill Mill On Their Understandings Of Freedom2522 Words   |  11 Pagesessay compares and contrasts Karl Marx and J.S. Mill on their understandings of freedom and their analyses of the impediments to its realization. Both Marx and Mil l agree that human beings are capable of making progress and that the concept of freedom is an end in itself. Thus, they saw freedom as a means to realise individual potential and self-determination. However, both differ on the concept of freedom realisation and the impediments to freedom. Mill argues that the impediment to freedomRead MoreKarl Marx And John Stuart Mill Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and John Stuart Mill were both philosophers who lived in the 1800s. Beginning with Karl Marx, he was a German philosopher, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. In his adult years, Marx was not recognized as a citizen of any country even though he was born in Germany and he spent most of his years in London, England. There, he continued to evolve his philosophy and social thought in participation or collaboration with a German thinker called Friedrich Engels. They worked together andRead More Comparing Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill Essay4553 Words   |  19 Pages Karl Marx was born and educated in Prussia, where he fell under the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach and other radical Hegelians. Although he shared Hegels belief in dialectical structure and historical inevitability, Marx held that the foundations of reality lay in the material base of economics rather than in the abstract thought of idealistic philosophy. He earned a doctorate at Jena in 1841, writing on the materialism and atheism of Greek atomists, then moved to Kà ¶ln, where he founded and editedRead MoreViews of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill Essay examples1184 Words   |  5 Pageshis private caprice. Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty While, after reading the above two quotations, it may appear that Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill take seemingly opposing views on the proper relationship betweenRead MoreA Comparison of Marx and Engels with Mill Regarding Social and Economic Progress3483 Words   |  14 PagesA Comparison of Marx and Engels with Mill Regarding Social and Economic Progress To understand what these two different philosophies tell us about the nature of social and economic progress it is important to clearly establish, for the purpose of this essay, a definition of the word progress. Many philosophers see progress as being a positive, continuous advancement into the future where, if we do not gain full scientific and empirical knowledge of our surroundings one dayRead MoreMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesmerely implicit) notions of freedom and unfreedom we find in the texts we have read by Marx, Mill and Freud. Use the esoteric traditions we have examined thus far (from the Book of Job to Plato) as a comparative yardstick, or point of reference, but without letting them take over the foreground in your paper -- the latter should be reserved for these three figures. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and John Stuart Mill are three authors who tackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but their messages areRead MoreFilling the Void: Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill and Others on Identity1145 Words   |  5 Pages More specifically, new political movements, ideas of nationalism, and change of social norms brought on by many writers and theorists such as Karl Marx, John Mill, and many others. The spread of such ideas was also helped by the spread of public education and rising literacy rates in western society. The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a short publication that contains Marx’s and Engel’s theories on the nature of society and politics, as well as class struggleRead MoreThe Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill2163 Words   |  9 PagesThe Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill ECON 350 19 November 2012 Abstract The author surveys three influential economists of the Classical era—Ricardo, Marx, and John Stuart Mill—and introduces the reader to their Macroeconomic perspectives based on some of their more prominent Macroeconomic theories. David Ricardo David Ricardo was a Classical Economist who lived from 1772 to 1823. In his professional life he woreRead More A Comparison of the Economic Philosophies of Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx1781 Words   |  8 Pagesgatherers who share whatever the day has brought to them within their tribe, or a larger community which within its structure lie the inner dwellings of division of labor and societal classes. Adam Smith (18th Century), John Stuart Mill (19th Century), and Karl Marx (19th Century) are of the same cloth, but in modern terms their community is referenced as a government, and they each have their own distinct opinions on the drive instilled within human nature that shape their personal economic

History of Tattoos in Australia Free Essays

A tattoo is the permanent insertion of ink or other pigments below the skin using a sharp instrument, as a form of decorative form of body modification. The word tattoo is derived from the Tahitian term â€Å"tatua,† which means â€Å"to mark. † Since the dawn of time, tattoos have been used for all kinds of purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Tattoos in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tattoos have served as symbols of rights, symbols of rank or seniority, symbols of spirituality, devotion, religion, rewards for bravery and security. In ancient times, they were also used as symbols of punishment, slavery and conviction. However, over the past century, tattoos have been most frequently used as body art. The art of tattooing cannot be traced back to a specific time or place. One of the oldest tattoos however, was found to be engraved on the back of a well – preserved natural mummy of a man (now known as â€Å"Otzi the Iceman†) who was buried alive on the slopes of the Alps over 5000 years ago. However, research shows that if the skin rots after death, evidence of a tattoo completely disappears. This means that tattoos may have been around for longer than 5000 years, yet there’s no evidence to prove this. Numerous mummies that were excavated from the pyramids in Egypt have also been found to have tattoos. These tattoos however, were engraved near waists of the women who longed for children and were a symbol of their goddess of fertility. There has been evidence to suggest that in the past tattooing was done for medicinal purposes and that the pigments used in tattoos had some sort of healing effect. For example, societies in the Arctic believe tattoos have powers that can ward off illness or protect people from all types of harm. They believed diseases such as rheumatism were caused by an imbalance in their souls, caused by evil spirits. They thought that these evil spirits entered their bodies through their joints, so they tattooed designs on their joints in an attempt to block them out. Furthermore, ‘protective’ or ‘guardian’ tattoos could be used by these societies to save people from disasters at sea, help them on a journey through the unknown, or even guard against the death of a new born. The art of tattooing was also popular amongst Christian adherents (as many received the tattoo symbolising ‘the Stigmata of the Lord Jesus’) until the church edict forbade them on the pretext of some quotes in the Bible. The Old Testament law commanded the Israelites, â€Å"Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. I am the LORD† (Leviticus 19:28). This command from God is further explained in 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 : â€Å"Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honour God with your body. † Therefore, the number of tattoos amongst Christian adherents significantly decreased. Tattoos have since then persisted in various parts of the world for various reasons and although tattoos have now become acceptable in contemporary societies, ‘tattoos are still condemned in God’s eyes. ’ In the Western world, tattooing has historically served as a brand of criminality or a sign of shame (as seen in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† of Nathaniel Hawthorne. ) These branding mimicked those of the branding of slaves, the tattooing of prisoners of war in ancient Athens and the marking of the foreheads of French prisoners in the 18th and 19th centuries with letters signifying their punishment. Australia has a rich historical background in which the art of tattooing has a special place. Date back to almost 4,000 years, the Samoan and the Maori tribes displayed a wide range of tattoos on specific parts of their body. In fact, these tribes of Australia represent the major history of tattooing. The Samoan tribes used to cover their lower body completely with all-embracing tattoos, though these tattoos held no specific cultural significance beyond fashion. However, having a tattoo proved a statement that an individual could bear pain and those who didn’t have a tattoo were vulnerable to severe criticism from others as they were seen to be weak cowards. The average Samoan design could take as long as six months to complete. In order to complete the arduous task, a special tattooing shed was specifically built; only to be burned down at the completion of the tattoo. Special combs were utilised by Samoan tattoo artists to apply the designs. The combs would be dipped in ink and then tapped along the skin, so that the pointed teeth of the comb would puncture the surface and insert the ink. This extremely painful procedure posed several hygiene issues and usually led to several health problems, such as infections. While the Samoans covered their lower bodies with tattoos, the Maori of New Zealand covered their faces. This tattooing technique, called â€Å"moko† was unique to the Maori. Each man wore an individualised pattern as the design was based on his own particular facial features. The tattooing artist would study the man’s face and create a design that would accentuate them, in an attempt to make his appearance more dignified and forceful. The pattern would be carved into the skin with a bone chisel and the ink would be placed in the cuts to create the tattoo. The whole process, which took up to weeks to complete one face, was awfully painful and would consequently cause a lot of swelling. Maori women also had their faces tattooed, but it was limited to the lips and chin only. In Australia, the modern art of tattooing began when the European convicts were sent into exile here in the late 1700’s, after Captain James Cook brought tattoos back to England as curiosities after encountering Tahitian tattoos when in the South Pacific in the 1760’s. To express diverse human emotions, the prisoners used to make tattoos by etching the black sediments of the oil lamps into their skin, forever recording their hopes, beliefs, loves and disappointments. At this time, tattoos became a way for convicts to make human statements about themselves. The positioning of a tattoo was also particularly significant as the most personal of messages were reserved for parts of the body that were usually covered up. For some convicts, tattoos were purely decorative, while others transcribed the dates of their trials, or dates when their sentences were up. Family trees and slogans and religious symbols were also quite common. The most popular tattoo however, was the anchor, which was a symbol of hope and loyalty, and was often attached to a loved one’s initials. The period between the First and Second World Wars has been dubbed the â€Å"Golden Age of Tattooing† as many servicemen in the army and navy tattooed themselves as acts of patriotism and nationalism. During this period, tattoos served as symbols of group identity, memorial dedications to home, girlfriends, wives, family and the wars themselves. These tattoos were almost exclusively a male practice and connoted a bond between men forged by patriotic and militaristic duty, and by necessary association, masculinity and power. A new form of street or ‘biker’ tattoo began to emerge after the Second World War. Instead of patriotic values, however, this new style of tattooing had embedded in it defiance, â€Å"a challenge to mainstream middle-class values as well as to the traditional form of patriotic and love-inspired working class tattoo† (DeMello 2000:67). This style of tattooing became synonymous with biker and prison convict subcultures, and continues relatively unchanged to this day. Although they began as an exclusive practice amongst males, they are now commonly found on women also. ‘Bikers’ were typically heavily tattooed with entire sleeves, legs, chests or backs covered in ink. Popular imagery included religious icons (Jesus Christ, crucifixes, the Virgin Mary), scales of justice, skulls, dragons, spiders, motorcycles, and biblical quotes. Specific tattoos identified the wearer as a member of a particular social group, gang or ethnicity. Throughout the several phases during the twentieth century, the tattoo industry was primarily underground and was relegated to the lower working classes. In the 1960’s, however, tattoos ‘fragmented’ and were used as important identity symbols for convicts, punks, bikers and many subcultures within society. This fragmentation ultimately lead to the ‘tattoo renaissance’ which lead tattoos to become popular culture icons in the 1980’s and 1990’s. With the â€Å"tattoo renaissance,† tattoos came to be seen as an anthropological, sociological and ethnographic phenomenon which changed society’s views of the human body. Punk tattoos of the 1970’s were part of a lexicon of highly visible signs and symbols of sub cultural identity. Inspired by the punk scene that emerged from the British punk scene in the early 1970’s, the punk subculture in Australia epitomised social marginalisation, hostile rebellion and protest. Punks manipulated their clothes, hairstyles and bodies as a form of self creation. Vividly and implicitly displayed in public, punk tattoos were the seeds of what would become mainstream tattoo practices. Nowadays, tattoos are â€Å"not just for bikers anymore† and are now the domain of the middle-class, educated and professionals. Many musicians, athletes, icons and role models now have tattoos, which has also been a contributing factor to their popularity. But most importantly, women now make up 50% of those who have tattoos, as opposed to the past, when it was rare for women to have a tattoo. Today, tattoos generally tend to avoid the â€Å"negative† imagery associated with many traditional prison, biker or punk styled tattoos. Studies show that tattoos worn by the â€Å"career-oriented† include a wide variety of symbols and styles, from the big and colourful, to the small and monochromatic, from Christian iconography to tribal or indigenous designs. Further research has revealed the most popular tattoo designs to be small crosses, butterflies, flowers, Celtic rings and arm and ankle bracelets These days, tattoos have become a large part of our popular culture. The demand for tattoos has grown rapidly, both amongst the rich and famous and within the general population as a whole. One in every seven adults today sports a tattoo as they have now become major fashion statement throughout society. The tattoo industry is growing tremendously, with an increased demand for tattoos, tattoo parlours, tattoo artists and tattoo supplies due to the recent acceptance of tattoos into mainstream culture. How to cite History of Tattoos in Australia, Essay examples

Should Britain continue to hav... free essay sample

Should Britain continue to have a foreign policy with moral-ethical considerations?Karl Pitt 6 Jun 2018In order to answer the question, we need to first understand what is meant by moral-ethical. Ethics refers to rules provided by an external source e.g. human right or codes of conduct. Moral refers to an individuals own principles regarding right or wrong. This essay will demonstrate that Britain should continue to ensure they support other people with their democratic rights using principles for right and wrong when producing foreign policy. This will be done by providing the understanding of moral ethics, explaining where British ethical foreign policy derived from and give two British case studies, where ethical interventions were conducted without a UN Charter or the backing of the Security Council, explaining why one was seen as accepted and the other not.With an example from British history we can see where Britain has taken moral-ethical considerations prior to 1997 to avoid conflict as well as implementing western values. The conclusion will be to demonstrate in this essay that moral ethical considerations must be taken into account when producing foreign policy.Understanding Moral EthicsAll foreign policy has to have ethical considerations as we are ethically constrained in everything we do. This statement is also reiterated by Dan Bully in his book Intervention when he states that the subject of ethics is foreign policy: it examines how we ought to relate to otherness, and that if foreign policy is a practice of building otherness and relating to it, the question of foreign policy must be how we ought to do this: a question of ethics. Albeit not an obligation, It is generally understood that governments are required to make ethical considerations and take more of an open-minded view of their own values or ethics as well as others. Their foreign policy should look to protect human rights, encourage moral-ethical understanding and promote peace in the international community as Britain did in 2007 when Robin Cook stated, referring to human tragedy in foreign countries to which Britain are obliged to take moral responsibility for. Our foreign policy must have an ethical dimension and must support the demands of other peoples for the democratic rights on which we insist for ourselves, The biggest issue with ethical foreign policy is how far a state is willing to go to extend its moral duty. As the pathfinder to introducing moral-ethical considerations to foreign policy and considering the interventions in Kosovo (1999) and Iraq (2003), these two case studies, from Tony Blair and new labour, will explore how, despite both motives appearing to be the same for intervention, the contradictory nature of British decision making with regards to its foreign policies sees two different outcomes. While agreeing that t he government had moral ethical considerations in mind in both accounts not both were accepted as ethical interventions.BackgroundIn the late 1990s with a new labour government, Tony Blair and Robin cook felt that the human suffering and violation of human rights should be a British obligation to intervene and as such should be included in British foreign policy. In 1997 Robin Cook stated that British foreign policy with be a moral ethical policy. The following two years showed New Labour profiling its ethical stance on foreign policy and, receiving support both by the British public and international community. In 1999 they were able to execute their policy by intervening in Kosovo.Case Study 1 Kosovo 1999 Due to the ethnic cleansing and forced expulsion of Albanians from Serbia, Britain (Tony Blair) and America (Bill Clinton) convinced NATO to intervene, despite having no UN Charter or support from the Security Council. The reason was Ethical and the intervention was accepted from both the British people and the international community.The Serbian Albanians were in need of assistance and as Britains contribution was seen to be going far beyond protecting or advancing National Security, intervention due to moral-ethics was accepted and this was deemed a high point of the new labour foreign policy.Yet, for all that, Kosovo has been a success of liberal interventionism. Two things are clear. One is that it was absolutely right to stand up to the Serbian nationalism epitomised by Slobodan Milosevic. The most shameful policy of John Majors Government was its appeasement of aggression in the Balkans, standing aside from ethnic cleansing. The Kosovo war of 1999 finally put an end to all that. As a result, Milosevic fell and Serbia began the long journey to joining the international community .Case Study 2 Iraq 2003 In 2003, post 9/11, Britain (Tony Blair) and America (George Bush) decided to intervene in Iraq. It could be stated this was not originally an ethical intervention and was a matter of national security, however it was eventually deemed to be about the Iraqi people, how Britain and America were going to install democracy and implement the rule of Law.As per the previous case, there was no UN Charter or backing from the Security Council, however, despite intervening under ethical grounds it was not accepted by the British public or international community as an ethical intervention and has been deemed a low point in the new labour foreign policy.The view that the 2003 Ir aq War was a disaster has become a fixed point of agreement in public opinion. The decision of the United States, Great Britain and other Coalition forces to invade Iraq soured western reputations across the world, undermined confidence in the motives and accountability of governments and created a humanitarian crisis in Iraq. Each of the reasons proffered to support the case for going to war were flawed and have henceforth been demolished by the reality of the intervening wars. Analysis of Case StudyMy belief in why, despite the origins of intervention being the same, there was a conflict in opinion for both cases is because Britain misinterpreted the meaning of the term moral ethical when considering the intervention into Iraq.The original reason for the Iraq intervention were in response to Sadam Hussain refusing UN weapons inspectors to an open inspection in Iraq. It was deemed by Bush and Blair that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and that as allies we should intervene under an interest of National Security.To justify the intervention ethical reason s were then declared however when addressing the moral ethical considerations these were determined by Blair and Bush. Did the Iraq people want Britain or America to intervene, was the country after democracy and did they require the rule of Law?If we were to now look at the definition of moral-ethical we might understand how Britain should have considered them for Iraq. Moral is defined as being a personal or individuals own principles regarding right/wrong and ethical is the standards distinguished by a community or social setting. In the Iraq intervention it was an Anglo-American ideal being imposed on the Iraqi people. Did they want assistance? Possibly, did they require a democracy or the rule of law? Again possibly however it was not the choice of Blair and Bush to possibly assume an intervention was needed. This is why Iraq was not supported by the British public and international community and not accepted as an ethical intervention.In Kosovo the moral-ethical considerations were aimed at the Albanians and the intervention stopped the mass slaughter and complete disregard of the ethnic Albanian human rights. It could be argued that it was still a Blair, Clinton decision with no consideration to the Albanians and that Kosovo being a European country, their moral-ethics are similar to the British making it default an excepted ethical inter vention due to commonality in countries.An Example in HistoryBritain could be seen to consider British values and standards when determining right from wrong. Is this correct and should Britain maintain its western ideals on non western countries? I think Britain has a history of failing to recognise cultural differences and what might be un-ethical in Britain and western society is deemed acceptable elsewhere. Britain has got the balance correct through history as well. A good example of this is India in the 19th century.After the British rule in India, Indian society underwent many changes. Previous practices such as child marriage and polygamy were common practice, women were classed as second class citizens and were disadvantaged through society. Education was for men and only a selected few of the upper class. These, according to the British were deemed against human values and the British went about changing the ethics of India. This in turn created a divide in the country with some of the population supporting the movement for change however others resisting. Britain at the time did declare it did not want to interfere too much in India as it did not want an uprising, this is despite pressure from a group of radicals in England who wanted India to have a humanistic ideology and become part of the modern world.The British government understood the cultural differences and resisted the pressure and despite talk of reform very few were taken however ownership from the movements who wanted change saw women being educated and the child age of marriage changing to 14 for girls and 18 for boys.This example is taken from one source and is a very optimistic view on the British occupation in India and is purely used for the purpose of this paper. In by no means does this paper suggest that the discontentment that resulted from British rule in India and the rise of the resistant movements, such as the Sanyasi, Faaki r, Wahabi and Santhal, which resulted didnt have consequences to the British.ConclusionIn all the cases and examples in this essay there have been moral-ethical considerations. Whether the moral-ethical considerations have been considered for the right group of people is debatable and whether Britains values and standards are the right ethics to impart on nations is also debatable. What is not debatable is the need for moral ethical consideration.To reemphasise Frost, we ethically constrained in everything we do, a state must take moral-ethical considerations into account when determining foreign policy just the nature of the terminology moral-ethical makes it morally ethical to consider it. The reason states get it wrong is when they are addressing whose morals and ethics should be considered.If the producers of the foreign policy always consider their own ethics and morals without understating cultural differences and beliefs then the policy and subsequent choices could go wrong resulting in Intervention without support and rejection as ethical. If the justification to intervene is ethical then a state must seek support by ensuring the considerations are balanced.Britain must continue to have a foreign policy that has moral and ethical considerations.

Midsummer Essays (760 words) - English-language Films,

Midsummer Night's Dream The story "A Midsummer Night's Dream" tells about a group of characters that fall in love with each other. However, the whole play is all a dream. The dream also contains dreams within dreams. For example, Hermia had a dream where she fell in love with an ass, and at the end of the play Puck tells everyone that the whole deal was a dream, and that none of this really happened in real life. The title describes the story for it must have taken place in the midsummer type season and was a dream. The play at the wedding is like a play within a play, for "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a play itself. William Shakespeare was a great English playwright, dramatist and poet who lived during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright of all time. No other writer's plays have been produced so many times or read so widely in so many countries as his. Shakespeare's plays are usually divided into three major categories. These are comedy, tragedy, and history. "A Midsummer Night's Dream" had 5 subplots. These included: the lovers, the fairies, the wedding, the workers, and interlude. These subplots are made with all the elements of the story. The interlude was the play at the end of the story, after the wedding. All the lovers at the wedding saw the play, which was performed by the workers. The fairies confused lovers and caused them to marry different people, such as Puck when he put the juice in the wrong person's eyes. Thus the wedding took place and they got married. Without the workers, there would have been no play for the wedding. Lysander, Hermia, Demetrius, and Helena are the four of the young lovers, who have a relationship with each other, but each of them doesn't love whom they must marry at first. For example, Demetrius was in love with Hermia, until later on he was juiced with "love potion". From there he started to love Helena, which was his lover. Hermia makes a life threatening decision for her love. She was forced to marry Demetrius; otherwise she would be put to death. Instead she took Lysander's plan, which was to run away with him, and to avoid death. Lysander made the life threatening decision for Hermia, which was to run away with her. Helena loved Demetrius, and refused to leave him alone. She never refused to give up on having him as a lover, and Demetrius couldn't do a single thing about it. He didn't want to harm her, so he had lots of trouble dealing with her until he was juiced with love potion. Oberon watched over Hermia and the rest of the four lovers. He acted like a father or guardian. Titania marries Oberon and Thesues marries Hippolyta at the wedding, as well the young lovers get married. The interlude was made and run by the workers. It takes place at the end of the story, after the wedding. The lovers attend the play. Without the workers there would be no play and the wedding must have not been as exciting. Also, the fairies made the lovers love different people so they may have been happier with the ones that they loved. The fairies confused many of the people. Puck and his other fairies joined in on conversations between Oberon and Titania, and Puck played many jokes on them. He later on felt sorry for his actions and apologized to everyone about it. Puck puts the love potion into the wrong person's eyes, which caused Demetrius to marry the right person. He was originally in love with Hermia. The fairies changed many things around. So the fairies effected the lovers, which in the wedding people married the unexpected. The workers helped put together the play at the wedding. They also stared as the characters in it and the play was what made this whole story a play within a play. At the end the lovers make fun of the play, which at the beginning they thought it would be good. In conclusion, "A Midsummer Night's Dream" was a play that was a dream. In this play there were plays within plays and dreams within dreams, so the whole story never did happen in real life to the person who was dreaming about this. Although it wasn't necessary for Puck to mention that this whole play was a dream itself, it adds to the effect to even out

Biography of Louise Nevelson, American Sculptor

Biography of Louise Nevelson, American Sculptor Louise Nevelson was an American sculptor best known for her monumental monochromatic three-dimensional grid constructions. By the end of her life, she was met with much critical acclaim. She is remembered through many permanent public art installations throughout the U.S., including New York City’s Louise Nevelson Plaza on Maiden Lane in the Financial District and Philadelphias Bicentennial Dawn, made in 1976 in honor of the bicentennial of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Fast Facts: Louise Nevelson Occupation: Artist and sculptorBorn: September 23, 1899 in present-day Kiev, UkraineDied:  April 17, 1988 in New York City, New YorkEducation: Art Students League of New YorkKnown For: Monumental sculptural works and public art installations Early Life Louise Nevelson was born Louise Berliawsky in 1899 in Kiev, then part of Russia. At the age of four, Louise, her mother, and her siblings set sail for America, where her father had already established himself. On the journey, Louise fell sick and was quarantined in Liverpool. Through her delirium, she recalls vivid memories which she cites as essential to her practice, including shelves of vibrant candies in jars. Though she was only four at the time, Nevelson’s conviction that she was to be an artist was present at a remarkably young age, a dream from which she never strayed. Louise and her family settled in Rockland, Maine, where her father became a successful contractor. Her father’s occupation made it easy for a young Louise to interact with material, picking up pieces of wood and metal from her father’s workshop and using it to construct small sculptures. Though she began her career as a painter and dabbled in etchings, she would return to sculpture in her mature work, and it is for these sculptures that she is best known. Though her father was a success in Rockland, Nevelson always felt like the outsider in the Maine town, notably scarred by the exclusion she suffered based on her height and, presumably, her foreign origins. (She was captain of the basketball team, but this did not help her chances at being crowned Lobster Queen, a distinction awarded the most beautiful girl in town.) Though her father was known around Rockland due to his professional activities, Nevelson’s mother secluded herself, rarely socializing with her fellow neighbors. This hardly could have helped young Louise and her siblings adjust to life in the United States. The feeling of difference and alienation drove young Nevelson to escape to New York by any means possible (a journey that reflects somewhat of an artistic philosophy, as she has been quoted as saying, â€Å"If you want to go to Washington, you get on a plane. Someone has to take you there, but its your voyage†). The means that presented itself was a hasty proposal from Charles Nevelson, who young Louise had only met a handful of times. She married Charles in 1922, and later the couple had a son, Myron. Advancing Her Career In New York, Nevelson enrolled in the Art Students League, but family life was unsettling to her. In 1931, she escaped again, this time without her husband and son. Nevelson abandoned her newly-minted family- never to return to her marriage- and departed for Munich, where she studied with the famous art teacher and painter Hans Hoffman. (Hoffman would himself eventually move to the United States and teach a generation of American painters, perhaps the most influential art teacher of the 1950s and 60s. Nevelson’s early recognition of his importance only reinforces her vision as an artist.) Louise Nevelson with her work in the 1950s.   Getty Images After following Hoffman to New York, Nevelson eventually worked under the Mexican painter Diego Rivera as a muralist. Back in New York, she settled in a brownstone on 30th Street, which was filled to bursting with her work. As Hilton Kramer wrote of a visit to her studio, â€Å"It was certainly unlike anything one had ever seen or imagined. Its interior seemed to have been stripped of everything...that might divert attention from the sculptures that crowded every space, occupied every wall, and at once filled and bewildered the eye wherever it turned. Divisions between the rooms seemed to dissolve in an endless sculptural environment. At the time of Kramer’s visit, Nevelson’s work was not selling, and she was often by her exhibitions at the Grand Central Moderns Gallery, which did not sell a single piece. Nevertheless, her prolific output is an indication of her singular resolve- a belief held since childhood- that she was meant to be a sculptor. Persona Louise Nevelson the woman was perhaps more well-known than Louise Nevelson the artist. She was famous for her eccentric aspect, combining dramatic styles, colors, and textures in her clothing offset by an extensive collection of jewelry. She wore fake eyelashes and headscarves that emphasized her gaunt face, making her appear to be somewhat of a mystic. This characterization is not contradictory with her work, which she spoke of with an element of mystery, as if it arrived from another world. Louise Nevelson in the eccentric costume she was known for, photographed in her New York studio in 1974. Jack Mitchell / Getty Images Work and Legacy Louise Nevelson’s work is highly recognizable for its consistent color and style. Often in wood or metal, Nevelson primarily gravitated towards the color black- not for its somber tone, but for its evincing of harmony and eternity. [B]lack means totality, it means contains all†¦ if I speak about it every day for the rest of my life, I wouldn’t finish what it really means, Nevelson said of her choice. Though she would also work with whites and golds, she is consistent in the monochrome nature of her sculpture. A characteristically monochrome abstract sculpture by Nevelson. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images / Getty Images The primary works of her career were exhibited in galleries as â€Å"environments†: multi-sculpture installations which worked as a whole, grouped under a single title, among them â€Å"The Royal Voyage,† â€Å"Moon Garden One,† and â€Å"Sky Columns Presence.† Though these works no longer exist as wholes, their original construction gives a window into the process and meaning of Nevelson’s work. The totality of these works, which were often arranged as if each sculpture were a wall of a four-sided room, parallels Nevelson’s insistence on using a single color. The experience of unity, of disparate gathered parts which make up a whole, sums up Nevelson’s approach to materials, especially as the spindles and shards she incorporated into her sculptures give off the air of random detritus. By fashioning these objects into grid structures, she endows them with a certain weight, which asks us to reassess the material with which we come in contact. Louise Nevelson died in 1988 at the age of eighty-eight. Sources Gayford, M. and Wright, K. (2000). Grove Book of Art Writing. New York: Grove Press. 20-21.Kort, C. and Sonneborn, L. (2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 164-166.Lipman, J. (1983). Nevelsons World. New York: Hudson Hills Press.Marshall, R. (1980). Louise Nevelson: Atmospheres and Environments. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.Munro, E. (2000).  Originals: American Women Artists. New York: Da Capo Press.

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients Essay

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients - Essay Example Suppose we want to test the autoregression of the dependent variable expenditure on the independent variable income we have to run the procedure REGRESS in STATA. Let us proceed as follows with two time periods with dependent variable expenditure (exp) and independent variable income (income):. by sort time per regress exp income. regress exp income if time per (time period 0) for eg.1987 to 1996. regress exp income if time per (time period 1) for eg.1997 to 2006To combine both in the constrained model, Expenditure is regressed on income for both time periods together as follow: . regexp income Null hypothesis: The regression coefficients do not differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Alternative hypothesis: The regression coefficients differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Chow test is being considered as an important tool in predicting the differences between the two regression coefficients when the grou ps are heterogeneously different. Even with the impact of dummy variables Chow test seems to be more robust in predicting the significant difference between two regressions under homoscedastic situations. Chow test is applicable in heteroscedastic situations.Breusch – Pagan test is used in testing whether heteroscedasticity is present in a linear regression model. It is also used to test whether the estimated variance of the residuals from regression equation is dependent on the values of independent variable values.

The Use Of Arched And Vaulted Forms In Architecture Has Occasioned The Essay

The Use Of Arched And Vaulted Forms In Architecture Has Occasioned The Development - Essay Example The iconic architectural figure of this time is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Craven, 2003). Analysing the design of the hanging gardens, the material used to construct the building mainly consists of bricks piled up all together; forming a relatively quadrilateral form of figure. Arches can be seen in the gates of it. At the same time, it can be considered that the vaults are still not existent. Regular ceilings have been common for this kind of design. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that the Near East architecture, as exemplified by the Hanging Gardens, can be considered to be one of the foundations of developments in architecture. Egypt has been commonly known as one of the most powerful empires back then and almost started in the same way as the civilizations that boomed in the Fertile Crescent. In Egypt, during the flourish of its civilization, they have been able to develop architectural style of their own. One of the key architectural edifices that have used vaults is the Tom b of Amenemhet in Bani Hasan in Middle Egypt (Bleiberg 2005, p. 43). This is where the architraves are used to show vaults and arches inside the mausoleum of the king’s deathbed (Bleiberg 2005, p. 43). However, one cannot disregard the pyramids even if they have not been design arches. Simple technology is present for the Egyptians during the time that they have initiated the construction of these architectural edifices (Bleiberg 2005, p. 6). Given the same technological condition, the Egyptians are still using rocks formed in a quadrilateral shape and piled up altogether to create an architectural complex. It can be inferred that same building technology and material sources can be found in the two architectural timeframes. Ancient European Architecture is where the Classical Age of architecture boomed as stylistic standards have changed due to possible strong socio – political structure of the societies that promulgated the said art forms. This period is considered t o be one that is rich when it comes to development because of the pattern developed during the timeframe of this period. This period encompasses several architectural traditions and designs. This part of the paper shall focus on the following architectural conventions which includes the Greek Order of Architecture, the Early and Imperial Roman Architecture, the Byzantine, and the Romanesque Architecture styles. This is where the Classical Architecture plays a crucial role in the development of designs. There are Greek orders when it comes to the design of the columns for the temples structured for their deities. Doric columnar is the simplest of the forms and emerged as the first and basic form of design (Evans 2005, p. 5). The Ionic became the second one that focuses on ornamentations with the columnar while the Corinthian is last level of design the ornamentations are more elaborate, encompassing almost the Hellenistic period of Greece (Evans 2005, p. 5). During this period, not m uch concern can be placed on the use of arches but the roofing is designed accordingly to perfection. In terms of materials, marble and sandstones replaced the rocky structures that the two aforementioned architectural styles. At the same time, Hellenic and Hellenistic Architecture differs in terms of the ornamentation and style. It can be considered that Hellenic has been focused on a form while Hellenistic is

Informatics in Dental Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Informatics in Dental Education - Essay Example Yet actual applications and studies in this area are a relatively recent phenomenon. In the world of speed, accuracy and compaction, none would make a dentist's best secretary than the computing systems that virtually rule all areas of life. The benefits that computer and information technology can provide to the field of dentistry may as well set it apart from all the dentistry that has been carried out as a separate era. IT and dentistry have just started to converge, and it is only a matter of time before the full extent of the union will be known. What is heartening to know is the awareness dentists have about the role of computers in their dental setup, and other work places such as educational institutes, and conferences etc.With more and more advancement in the teaching methods around the world, it is not surprising that computers and IT are being utilized as teaching aids to dentistry. These softwares have been given many names, including Computer Aided Instruction or CAI, Computer Assisted Learning or CAL, instructional soft ware, and Computer Based Training or CBT. (Schleyer & Johnson, Nov. 2003) The functions of these soft wares are of two types. While the course management tools are aimed to help teachers maintain their schedules and different aspects of teaching and curriculum methodology, the other use is ways to increase a student's access to the educational material apart from the traditional paper book concept. The use of such materials in dentistry teaching has given many positive feedback comments, as the teach er or instructor is able to choose from a variety of ways to teach a subject. With the help of pictures and presentations and clips, the teacher is able to convey the concepts in a show tell way. The hard wares and the soft wares are mostly integrated in the teaching program. All that remains is for the teachers to be well versed in the using of such tools. (Schleyer & Johnson, Nov. 2003) There are very few researchers who are involved in studying ht effects of digital dentistry, IT and CBT in the overall scene of dental education. Of these the works of Johnson and Schleyer are perhaps the most contributory. These two gentlemen have helped in clearing many of the issues of digital dentistry, while inviting us to understand the different complexities that may be caused by such devices. Awareness of IT and distance education has led to many conclusions. For example, the World Health Organization maintains that students and their cultural differences and requirements should be the prime focus of providing dental education. This can only be achieved by sharing different aspects of curriculum designing and outlining. By providing and sharing this information, it will be easier for students to access different educational pursuits across the world with ease. The use of intra and extra net is another contributory factor that can be implemented within the learning methods and systems. (Yip, 1999) I.T and integration of computer technology will help in building careers and technology skills, increase the information assimilation skills, will expand learning opportunities for those who may not access such directly, help in increasing the level

Differences between male and female leadership

Differences between male and female leadership There are a variety of conflicting views regarding the differences between male and female leadership styles across the world. The researchers have come up with conflicting results and therefore there are two clubs now that project two opposite views. I will go on now to describe the research associated with the topic. Gender Differences are Significant: The first groups of people under discussion are those who believe that gender differences in leadership styles are very significant and obvious. According to Judy B. Rosener, (1995), A professor in the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, the male and female leadership styles are different, as in, the male leaders generally believe in command and control form of leadership where they dictate orders whereas women believe in participative leadership where they are interactive and want to involve all the people around them in their vision and plans. According to Professor Judy, males are usually very keen about status distinctions, competition and hierarchy in general, whereas women are more interested in focusing on proper communication and breaking down hierarchy. Sally Helgesen (1995) in her book the Female Advantage observes that women in general have a behavior pattern that encourages equality among peers. Not letting their role get in the way. Helgesen continues, they seek to empower those around them by being direct and natural in a way that minimizes their own ego and strips them of the trappings of power which emphasizes boundaries and divisions (p.144). Similarly Nancy Badore, Executive Director of Ford Motor Companys Executive Development Center does not mind admitting that she doesnt mind showing that she doesnt know something or being herself. Mostly, men believe that they need to maintain an aura of control and knowledge to seem superior. She on the other hand has no issues admitting that she is human and does not believe that it makes a difference to her perceived respect as and executive. This highlights a key difference in the way men and women think. (Helgesen,1995, p. 151). Diane Lewis (1998) claims women are different as if it were a fact in her book Equal to the Challenge. In her book she claims that women are very different from men in not just the way they look, they are different as people and have entirely different personality traits. They have different attitudes, behaviors and beliefs and these have come into play because of the vast differences in which men and women are raised in society. She says in her book that These internal differences add up to one big external difference. We women often behave in ways contrary to our success, even to our survival, in the world of work because men are naturally competitive and put winning ahead of harmony and are generally comfortable with rules and structure, where as women are naturally inclined to put harmony above all and sometimes will break rules for the purpose of protecting their loved ones. According to (Powell. 1999) Women network; men do not. Women share information; men do not. Women place cooperation above competition; men do not. Women are more concerned with how things are done, with process, than with merely getting things done; they are more concerned with means than with ends. Unlike men, women do not have an instrumental view of work or of the workers. For women leaders, workers are ends in themselves, not means to an end. This, according to Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli in The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence is an advantage as females are more transformational leaders where as men in general are transactional leaders (based on their personality traits) Thus, these researches make the point that women and men are essentially different from one another and therefore have varying leadership styles that in turn effect their advancement up the corporate ladder. No Visible Differences: Then, another group that counters these researchers is the group that claims that there are no significant differences in the way men and women lead people. Epstein (1990) argues that even if women do bring a different set of qualities to the workplace its myopic to say that its only women who possess those set of qualities. It may be true that men in general are lower on levels of empathy as compared to the average woman; however it does not mean that men who are leaders have lesser empathy as compared to women leaders. Similarly, Gary N. Powell (1999) concludes in his research that sex differences are absent in task-oriented behavior, people-oriented behavior, effectiveness ratings of actual managers, and subordinates responses to actual managers (p.165). he also goes on to say that most of the studies conducted about differences in leadership styles among the sexes are basically biased in themselves as they were not conducted in the actual workplace or among people who were actually leaders (after all, gender differences among ordinary people do not necessarily reflect differences in personality traits of actual leaders) Another later research done by Jane Mansbridge (1991), the differences in between the gender leadership styles are just 1/5th of a standard deviation and are small enough to be ignored. She writes in her book that the difference between men and women styles may be much smaller than the differences between managers of small and large companies, of old and new companies, or old and young managers (pp.154-155). These people therefore argue that the claimed differences in male and female leadership styles are basically stereotypical and severe oversimplification of reality based on our own perceived biases. In actuality men and women are not so different in leading styles as they are projected to be. So what is the conclusion of all this research? Unfortunately, the research is inconclusive. It depends according to Captain Willie L. Parker, Jr. on which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about. This is because women and men are extremely broad classifications. They include people from different ages, education backgrounds, social settings they were raised in and different values. There is no one way that we can use a description that fits all the women all across the world. Therefore its when asking ourselves about qualities that define women, its important to ask ourselves which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about.

Medicare In The 96 Elections :: essays research papers fc

Medicare in the '96 Elections Among the many differences between President Bill Clinton (Democrat) and Presidential Candidate Bob Dole (Republican), lays a common debate topic, Healthcare. The issue is the fact that funding in Medicare's budget will not last but another four years. Both Republicans and Democrats have ideas on how this budget should be reformed, but the two have not yet come to a median resolution. In the beginning of the Presidential campaign Medicare was a hot topic. It will be shown that as Election Day drew nearer Republicans were forced to attack President Clinton's policy because they had no substantial plan of their own. Prior to 1965, payment for a particular medical service was paid for either directly by the recipient of the care or by the recipient's insurance company. Usually to get full coverage or even coverage with a low premium the rates are outrageous. For this reason many poor, elderly and severely disabled Americans were unable to receive proper medical treatment. Then, in 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson proposed one of his Great Society programs, Medicare. Medicare would allow those who were severely disabled, elderly or poor to receive quality medical treatment without worrying about the cost . This government funded program would subsidize the service of physicians, inpatient hospital care and some limited home care. The money would come from that money set aside for Social Security. Medicare, along with its sister program, Medicaid, allow broad access to physician and hospital care to all disabled Social Security recipients, most all elderly and some of the poor. Medicare has two parts, A and B. Part A, which covers all enrollees, covers hospital costs only. Part B, also known as Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI), is an optional plan for which a premium is charged. The SMI plan covers 80 percent of office visits, preventive medicine, surgery and diagnostic specialties (x-rays, etc.). What Medicare does not cover include: hospital stays over 60 days, extended nursing-home care, or the cost of lengthy illnesses. In the cases where Medicare will not cover costs, recipients usually use secondary retirement programs either from pension plans or retirement programs such as AARP (American Association for Retired People). Those who do not have such plans, are forced to drain their assets until they qualify for the sister program Medicaid. Medicaid is a program set up the same as Medicare but primarily for those who fall short of the state-specified income level. Costs covered by Medicaid are close to those covered by Medicare differing only by nursing-home care and treatment in state mental hospitals . In 1965, at the same time the

Discuss Shakespeare’s presentation of Cleopatra Essay

‘A woman of infinite variety’. This may be a very accurate portrayal of Cleopatra in my opinion. Cleopatra is a very interesting character in Shakespeare’s ‘Antony and Cleopatra’. She is presented in many ways; she is a great lover yet childish within her actions. Her actions are a reflection of her personality and shows how her character develops throughout the play. She goes from childish to suffering her consequences of this. The presentation of Cleopatra contributes to the play’s audiences and the things she does are a reflection of her love for Antony. Shakespeare’s presentation of Cleopatra helps to make her a credible character and helps audience to relate to her actions taken. An aspect of Cleopatra’s presentation is when she is with and without Antony. It is noticeable how her actions change, with the juxtaposition of scenes where she is in Egypt without Antony. Without him, we see her as a woman in love. She spends hours wondering where her beloved Antony is and what is he doing. She often ponders if he is thinking of her. She is infatuated with him. She can’t bear to be apart from him. This is shown in act 1 scene 5 when Cleopatra asks to drink ‘mandragora’. This is a type of sleeping drug. She is effectively saying that she can’t bear to be parted from her lover so she might as well sleep the time away. This is in contrast to her behaviour towards him when he returns to her. It as if when he’s around her he can never please her or at least she will never show her pleasure with him. She is hesitant as if she doesn’t want him to see her true love for him. This makes me think that because of her past with men, which never seems to work out she may realise that he is the ‘one’ for her but she is afraid that she may lose him. This can be seen by her anger when Charmian praises Caesar Cleopatra demands they say ‘ the brave Antony’ by Shakespeare using the word brave this shows Cleopatra see’s him as strong and noble. Her actions also show she is hard to please for example she tells Charmian that if she finds Antony sad then ‘say I’m dancing.’ This shows how perverse she can be, especially towards Antony; it shows her childlike actions towards him. Shakespeare has presented Cleopatra as a very alluring character, who seems to be able to charm and enchant any man or woman. Her ladies seem to be under a spell. They love her so much and are so loyal towards her. She has a great sex appeal and is able to use it to her advantage, although some characters see her as a ‘strumpet’, they believe she has used her enchantment to control Antony. This can be seen by the way he is so in love with her he leaves wives just to be with her. Some may argue he is not truly in love with her, that it is lust, but it doesn’t explain the consequences he suffers to be with her. Maybe Shakespeare is trying to show how one person can have such an impact on a person’s life through love. This would be valid as the play is a great love story. Shakespeare presents Cleopatra as a very controlling and overpowering woman. This can be seen as even the cynical Enobarbus admits to the power of Cleopatra’s appearance. He describing her as ‘beggared all description’ shows that to describe the barge exhausts the power of language. She is of course a queen and all queens have a very regal presence, this is seen in the famous barge speech by Enobarbus, where he describes this wonderful barge with ‘purple sails’, purple is associated as very regal colour and he talks of the gold on the barge which represent her wealth. These images are used to show her status and importance. Enobarbus also describes a scent surrounding her ‘a strange invisible perfume hits the sense’. This sensual imagery for her presence as perfume is associated with a sweet smell. The movement of the oars of the barge are described in a powerful image ‘ tunes of flutes kept stroke,’ This means that the music kept the oars at a rhythmic pace. He also says she ‘o’erpicturing that Venus’ this is saying how she is almost better than Venus, the goddess of love. By comparing her to a Goddess this shows her influence upon people. Shakespeare’s barge speech gives the impression of her charm and attraction, to enhance her enticement and sex appeal towards men. In the last scene where Cleopatra kills herself she want to die wearing all her jewels and fine cloths and crown. This is to show how proud she is of herself and for people to remember her as a queen. Even when she is dead Charmian straightens up her crown. This shows the loyalty of Cleopatra’s woman and their love for her such that they want Cleopatra to look her best even in death.

MOREL Surname Meaning and Family History

MOREL Surname Meaning and Family History The Morel surname is a diminutive from the Old French more, meaning dark and swarthy (as a moor). A French variant of Moor and Moore. Morel is the 21st most common surname in France. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings:  MORELL, MORILL, MORRELL, MORRILL Famous People with the MORELSurname Guillaume Morel  - French classical scholarOlivier Morel de La Durantaye - Colonial officer in New FranceGeorge W. Morell  Ã‚  - civil engineer; Union General in U.S. Civil WarTheodor Morell - Adolph Hitlers personal physicianBà ©nà ©dict Morel   - Austrian-French psychiatristAntoine Là ©on Morel-Fatio  - French painter Where is the MORELSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the Morel  surname is most common in France, where it ranks 22nd in the nation, followed by Monaco (68th), Dominican Republic (87th) and Paraguay (109th). The Morell  spelling of the surname, on the other hand, is most prevalent in Spain, and also common in Puerto Rico (395th) and  Cuba (413th). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates a similar distribution, with the greatest percentage of individuals named Morel  in Austria, followed by Switzerland, Argentina and Belgium. Within France, Morel is found in the greatest numbers in the Franche-Comtà © region (now Bourgogne-Franche-Comtà ©), followed by Rhà ´ne-Alpes (now  Auvergne-Rhà ´ne-Alpes), Haute-Normandie (now Normandy), Basse-Normandie (now Normandy) and Bretagne. Genealogy Resources for the Surname MOREL Meanings of Common French SurnamesUncover the meaning of your French  last name with this free guide to the four types of French surnames, and the meanings and origins of common French last names. Morel  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Morel  family crest or coat of arms for the Morel surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. MOREL  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Morel  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - MOREL  GenealogyExplore over 2  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Morel surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MOREL  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Morel  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - MOREL  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Morel. GeneaNet - Morel  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Morel  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Morel  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Morel  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Free Essays on Prophet Nahum

The subject of this report is to show the significance of the prophet Nahum. He was an active prophet in Southern Israel during the 7th century B.C. During this time he preached against the Assyrians. The Assyrians disliked Nahum because he preached about the destruction of Nineveh, which is the capitol of Assyria. He preached this message to show that God did not like depression of his two nations, that the Assyrians had oppressed. Similar leaders who preach the same message, like Nelson Mandela, are found today. These civil rights leaders believe, like Nahum and God, that everyone should be given freedom and no one oppressed. The name â€Å"Nahum† which means comfort or consolation is significant since that is what he will bring to Judah through his message about the destruction of Nineveh, and who is related to Jonah who prophesied 150 years earlier against Nineveh, and who is also the seventh of the so- called minor prophets, prophesies the death of the Assyrian Empire and the destruction of Nineveh its capitol. Although it is impossible to determine a specific date for Nahum’s ministry, but we can assume that it was written before 612 B.C. because that is when Nineveh was destroyed and since Nahum is predicting, the destruction of Nineveh would be a okay assumption. We can also assume that it was written after 663 B.C. because Nahum compares the destruction of Nineveh with the destruction of Thebes in Egypt which was destroyed in 663 B.C. So with these facts, we know that Nahum probably wrote between the years 663 and 612 B.C. The only place we know about where Nahum is found in Nahum 1:1 which says he was from Elkosh. But there is no facts about where that was at because it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. It is also impossible that Elkosh was located somewhere in Judah because it was never mentioned anywhere else in the Bible besides in Nahum 1:1. Nahum preached against the Assyrian... Free Essays on Prophet Nahum Free Essays on Prophet Nahum The subject of this report is to show the significance of the prophet Nahum. He was an active prophet in Southern Israel during the 7th century B.C. During this time he preached against the Assyrians. The Assyrians disliked Nahum because he preached about the destruction of Nineveh, which is the capitol of Assyria. He preached this message to show that God did not like depression of his two nations, that the Assyrians had oppressed. Similar leaders who preach the same message, like Nelson Mandela, are found today. These civil rights leaders believe, like Nahum and God, that everyone should be given freedom and no one oppressed. The name â€Å"Nahum† which means comfort or consolation is significant since that is what he will bring to Judah through his message about the destruction of Nineveh, and who is related to Jonah who prophesied 150 years earlier against Nineveh, and who is also the seventh of the so- called minor prophets, prophesies the death of the Assyrian Empire and the destruction of Nineveh its capitol. Although it is impossible to determine a specific date for Nahum’s ministry, but we can assume that it was written before 612 B.C. because that is when Nineveh was destroyed and since Nahum is predicting, the destruction of Nineveh would be a okay assumption. We can also assume that it was written after 663 B.C. because Nahum compares the destruction of Nineveh with the destruction of Thebes in Egypt which was destroyed in 663 B.C. So with these facts, we know that Nahum probably wrote between the years 663 and 612 B.C. The only place we know about where Nahum is found in Nahum 1:1 which says he was from Elkosh. But there is no facts about where that was at because it is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bible. It is also impossible that Elkosh was located somewhere in Judah because it was never mentioned anywhere else in the Bible besides in Nahum 1:1. Nahum preached against the Assyrian...

Computer Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Information System - Essay Example Organizations can't survive with working in international markets with out the help of databases and computers. In an environment where competition is tough they need to carry on communications with the help of computers and keep records on databases. As more and more people turn towards environment friendly products due to awareness, organizations are compelled to turn their attention towards product of the kind that are environment friendly. Organizations got to know about this by the help of databases that showed these trends according to the records. The most important use of databases in business is to keep a track record of history about the business. This not only helps in formulating strategies by studying the past trends but also helps executives in making important decisions that are related to the organizations. A database keeps the record in relevance to its dependency and gives results that are used to deduce conclusion as to why and how something happened. For example a drop in sales due to the packing of a product might be missed by a manager, but the database can easily point it out by showing that the drop in sales started as soon as the packaging of the product was changed. As I mentioned above the reasons for using databases to conduct day-to-day operations of a business, the same case is in my organization. We use databases in order to have an edge over our competitors, to become reputable in our sector of the business and to earn profits. Reasons apart from these are also related to the implementation of databases, these include satisfying the customers to the maximum in order to enhance the business operations and to keep a track of the customer so as to study the trend of his or her behavior that helps us in giving the customers what they really want. Our organization uses the one of the most successful database application, which is easy to implement and user friendly for the employees. The name of the database application is Oracle. This software is being used widely by organizations all over the world to help in running successful business. The main function of this database application is to enable the workers here to store, change and manipul ate data in the database using queries. The database application gives us the added advantage of comparing data and suggesting future trends, which helps the organization in formulating perfect strategies. The users are first trained to handle the database though its easy but our firm makes sure that all the people interacting with the database through the database appl

Truman's Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Truman's Decision - Essay Example Critics may give many reasons as to why the President’s decision was not right, including humanitarian ones, but a keen examination of what might have happened had Japan not been bombed reveals that the President was right on several accounts. First, the Japanese initiated an attack on the US by attacking the Pearl Harbor. That was despite the fact that the Japanese Government and the US Governments were engaged in diplomatic negotiations. The Japanese also proved to be a vicious enemy who could only agree to submit under serious attack such as the two Bombings. Another argument that greatly supports the attack is the avoidance of deaths and casualties due to the war. Ironically, the two atomic bombs served to save many lives, both American and Japanese, that would have been lost had the war continued. The estimated mortality and casualty rate due to planned land invasions into Japan was high. Many Soldiers and Japanese civilians would have lost their lives in the invasions. However, the bombings ended the war and thus helped avoid further deaths. One may also argue that the President may have made the decision to serve as a deterrent measure. It served to drive fear into the enemy of the US’s military capabilities . The fear generated thus helped to stop them in their tracks as they realized that any further attack on the US would attract an equally or more devastating attack by the